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Resumo Este artigo investiga relações entre a incidência de câncer de colo de útero (ICC) e os componentes e indicadores de qualidade da água nos municípios do Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 2014 e 2017, por correlação estatística (Determinante de Pearson) e espacial (agrupamentos por k-médias). Houve maior resposta estatística de ICC em relação à tarifa média dos serviços de abastecimento praticado (-36,28%) e de água (-34,15%); à quantidade de suas interrupções sistemáticas (28,3%) e paralizações (22,28%); ao consumo médio per capita de água (20,74%) e à quantidade de serviços executados (-17,98%), todas as respostas sob p-valor ≤ 0,001. Em Costa Rica, cidade sob maior ICC média, os agrupamentos espaciais identificaram maior efeito daquelas interrupções (z-valor = 8,741) e das paralizações (z = 7,6097); enquanto em Rochedo, também sob alta ICC, houve maior efeito à incidência de análises com resultados fora do padrão para coliformes totais (z = 8,6803) e turbidez (z = 5,7427), sob correlação estatística de 12,05% (p-valor = 0,032) e 15,18% (p-valor = 0,007), respectivamente. Dados do SISAGUA revelaram a presença de coliformes e de altos níveis de turbidez, por exemplo, em Antônio João e Tacuru, cidades sob altas ICC médias. Recomenda-se maiores investigações sobre as relações aqui apresentadas entre ICC e água.
Abstratct This article investigates relationships between the incidence of cervical cancer (CCI) and the water components and quality indicators, in the municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2014 and 2017, by statistical (Pearson's Determinant) and spatial (k-means Clustering) correlation. There was a greater statistical response of CCI in relation to the average tariff of the practiced supply (−36.28%) and water (−34.15%) services; the number of their systematic interruptions (28.3%) and outages (22.28%); the average per capita consumption of water (20.74%); and the number of services performed (−17.98%), all answers under p-value ≤ 0.001. In Costa Rica, city with the highest average CCI, the spatial clustering identified a greater effect of those interruptions (z-value = 8.741) and outages (z = 7.6097); whereas, in Rochedo, also under high CCI, the analyses showed greater effect with non-standard results for total coliforms (z = 8.6803) and turbidity (z = 5.7427), under a statistical correlation of 12.05% (p-value = 0.032) and 15.18% (p-value = 0.007), respectively. Data from SISAGUA revealed the presence of coliforms and high levels of turbidity, for example, in Antônio João and Tacuru, cities with high average ICC. We recommend further investigation into the relationships presented here between CCI and water.
Subject(s)
Water Quality , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Sanitation , Public Health , Cities , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
Introduction: The decreasing prevalence of parasitosis from north to south in Argentina has led the scientific community to focus the epidemiological studies on the most vulnerable areas and, consequently, neglect the populations of Patagonia (South Argentina). The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and youth of Puerto Madryn (Chubut province, Patagonia), and (ii) to evaluate the parasitic infections found concerning socio-environmental factors and hygiene practices of the population. Materials and methods: Serial stool samples were processed using modified Ritchie and FLOTAC dual pellet techniques, and samples of anal swabs were examined by sedimentation. Socio-environmental variables and hygiene practices of the participants were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Of all examined participants, 39.1% (68/174) were parasitized. A total of 6 parasite species were found and the most prevalent were Blastocystis sp (19.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (17.8%), and Giardia lamblia (6.3%). The risk of parasitosis and infection for Blastocystis sp was greater in participants who lived in houses without piped water (OR = 2.9 and OR = 3.2, respectively). The risk of infection for G. lamblia was positively associated with the lack of public waste collection service (OR = 5.6). Infection for E. vermicularis was higher in participants whose parents had a basic level of education (OR = 5.0). Conclusion: The parasitic infections observed reflect the environmental conditions of Patagonia and the need to focus studies on populations from peripheral areas to urban centers that are exposed to greater socio-economic vulnerability.
Introducción: La prevalencia de parasitosis decreciente de norte a sur en la Argentina, ha llevado a la comunidad científica a enfocar sus estudios epidemiológicos hacia las zonas más vulnerables y desatender a las poblaciones de la Patagonia (sur de Argentina). Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: determinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y jóvenes de Puerto Madryn (Chubut, Patagonia), y evaluar las infecciones parasitarias en relación con los factores socioambientales y las prácticas de higiene de la población. Materiales y métodos: Se procesaron muestras seriadas de materia fecal mediante las técnicas Ritchie modificada y FLOTAC dual pellet, y muestras de escobillado anal por sedimentación. Se relevaron las variables socioambientales y las prácticas de higiene de los participantes mediante cuestionarios semiestructurados. Resultados: El 39.1% (68/174) de la población analizada estuvo parasitado. Se halló un total de 6 especies parásitas, las más prevalentes de las cuales fueron Blastocystis sp (19.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (17.8%) y Giardia lamblia (6.3%). El riesgo de parasitosis y de infección por Blastocystis sp fue mayor en los participantes que no poseían agua de red (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9 y OR = 3.2, respectivamente). La infección por G. lamblia se asoció de manera positiva con la falta de recolección pública de residuos (OR = 5.6). La infección por E. vermicularis fue superior en los participantes con padres que tenían un nivel de estudios primario (OR = 5.0). Conclusión: Las infecciones parasitarias observadas reflejan las condiciones ambientales de la Patagonia y la necesidad de orientar los estudios a poblaciones periféricas de los centros urbanos, las cuales están expuestas a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Parasites , Argentina , Sanitation , Hygiene , Giardia lamblia , Blastocystis , Education , Enterobius , Intestines/parasitologyABSTRACT
Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections stillconstitute major public health threats in many areas in Cameroon. To improve control measures, epidemiological data from environmental and human aspects are necessary to draw concrete control strategies to better follow-up the population at risk.Aim of the Study:This study aimed to investigate environmental risk factors related to infections in the Lolodorf health district, a high risk area ofsouth Cameroon. Methods:A total of 325participants who gave their informed consent were recruited for the study. Stool samples were collected and examined microscopicallyin search ofhelminth eggs and Original ResearchArticleprotozoan cysts using the Kato Katz and concentration Formol-ether techniques. Questionnaires were filled by participants to evaluate the risk factors.Results:Overall, 117 (42.9%) among the 325 participants harbored at least one parasite species with 75 (27.5%) having single infections and 42 (15.4%) having multiple infections. Ascaris lumbricoides(11.0%), Trichuris trichiura(26.4%), Hookworms (12.5%),Entamoeba coli(10.6%) and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar(1,5%) were diagnosed. Females were more infected (48.7%;p=0.04) compared to males (35.2%). Infection rate varied significantly according to villages (p=0.001). Univariate analysis revealed the following: gender (48.7%;p= 0.04), agricultural activities (47.7%; p= 0.04) and absence of treatment (50.8%: p=0.02) to be risk factors correlated to infection. Other factors such as age (49.3%), family size (47.8%), absence of toilets (53.5%), irregular use of shoes (48.6%), not wearing shoes (60.0%), irregular hand washing before meals (48.4%) and eating raw food (45.5%) had high infestation rates though with no significance.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that people who had never received any treatment had high risks of being infected (p=0.01; OR =0.17; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.5).Conclusion:Improved sanitation, water supply and regular and extended deworming in the entire communities are fundamental issues in controlling intestinal parasitic infections
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Objective To ascertain the level and dynamic changes of environmental health hazards in the rural areas of Pukou, Nanjing, to objectively evaluate the situation of rural environmental sanitation, providing basis and support for formulating policies and measures by the higher authorities. Methods According to the requirements of the rural environmental sanitation monitoring program of Jiangsu Province in 2017, 5 streets, 20 administrative villages were selected as monitoring points and 100 families used as monitoring objects.The monitoring data were obtained through interviews, access data, field records and laboratory tests. Results Centralized water supply was realized by 20 monitoring points.The rate of collection and centralized disposal of domestic waste was 95.00%.The sewage disposal sites were mainly discharged into sewage treatment plants and harmless sanitary toilets, accounting for 41.00% and 42.00% respectively.The coverage rate of sanitary toilets was 95.54%.Those who did the work of killing rats, flies and mosquitoes accounted for 40.00% and those who did the work of killing cockroaches 25.00%.And 98.00% of the families used fuel for gas, 98.00% of the families never burned straw in the fields, 88.00% of the families did not use the film, and the membrane recycling rate was 91.67%.It was found that 100% of the households drank boiled water, and 90.00% of the respondents developed the habit of washing hands before and after meals.The detection rate of Ascaris eggs was 20.00% in 20 soil samples, and the contents of Pb, CD and Cr were all within the normal range. Conclusion Although some achievements have been made in the rural environmental sanitation in Pukou, the management of pollution of rural sewage, waste and feces should be further strengthened, and the dangerous factors that affect the health of rural residents should be decreased and four pests removal activities actively carried out.
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Objective To ascertain the level and dynamic changes of environmental health hazards in the rural areas of Pukou, Nanjing, to objectively evaluate the situation of rural environmental sanitation, providing basis and support for formulating policies and measures by the higher authorities. Methods According to the requirements of the rural environmental sanitation monitoring program of Jiangsu Province in 2017, 5 streets, 20 administrative villages were selected as monitoring points and 100 families used as monitoring objects.The monitoring data were obtained through interviews, access data, field records and laboratory tests. Results Centralized water supply was realized by 20 monitoring points.The rate of collection and centralized disposal of domestic waste was 95.00%.The sewage disposal sites were mainly discharged into sewage treatment plants and harmless sanitary toilets, accounting for 41.00% and 42.00% respectively.The coverage rate of sanitary toilets was 95.54%.Those who did the work of killing rats, flies and mosquitoes accounted for 40.00% and those who did the work of killing cockroaches 25.00%.And 98.00% of the families used fuel for gas, 98.00% of the families never burned straw in the fields, 88.00% of the families did not use the film, and the membrane recycling rate was 91.67%.It was found that 100% of the households drank boiled water, and 90.00% of the respondents developed the habit of washing hands before and after meals.The detection rate of Ascaris eggs was 20.00% in 20 soil samples, and the contents of Pb, CD and Cr were all within the normal range. Conclusion Although some achievements have been made in the rural environmental sanitation in Pukou, the management of pollution of rural sewage, waste and feces should be further strengthened, and the dangerous factors that affect the health of rural residents should be decreased and four pests removal activities actively carried out.
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Abstract Analyzes Costa Rica's recent efforts to achieve a sustainable environmental sanitation. Mainly, it is based on a reference that integrates the notion of environmental sanitation practices at multiple levels: both at the macro level (environmental and social policies) and at the micro level (community actions and individual daily practices), using the theoretical perspective of the social resilience. To carry out the study, a mixed methodology was used, the qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with national authorities, local, community leaders, and head of households. The quantitative data were obtained from the application of a survey to three different communities with rural, urban, and semi-urban characteristics. At the national level, the main result is a paradigm shift in the conception of health, where the joint production of healthy environments should be paramount, within the framework of the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment. At the community level, local efforts to protect their natural resources for tourism or productive purposes are highlighted; at the individual level, a mixture of reactive and proactive daily practices have been identified.
Resumen Se analizan recientes esfuerzos en Costa Rica por alcanzar un saneamiento ambiental sostenible. Principalmente, se parte de un referente que integra la noción de prácticas de saneamiento ambiental en múltiples niveles: tanto a nivel macro (políticas ambientales y sociales) como a nivel micro (acciones comunitarias y prácticas cotidianas individuales), utilizando la perspectiva teórica de la resiliencia social. Para la realización del estudio se empleó una metodología mixta, los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron de entrevistas en profundidad a autoridades nacionales, locales, líderes comunales, y jefaturas de hogar. Los datos cuantitativos se obtuvieron de la aplicación de una encuesta a tres comunidades distintas con características rurales, urbanas, y semi-urbanas. A nivel nacional, como principal resultado, se resalta un cambio de paradigma en cuanto a la concepción de salud, donde lo primordial debe ser la producción conjunta de ambientes saludables, en el marco del derecho a vivir en un ambiente sostenible. A nivel comunal, se resaltan los esfuerzos locales por proteger sus recursos naturales con fines turísticos o productivos; y, a nivel individual, se resalta una mixtura entre prácticas cotidianas reactivas y proactivas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Water , Sanitation , Costa Rica , Environmental Policy , Sustainable DevelopmentABSTRACT
Objective @#To understand the status of rural environmental sanitation and summer diarrhea among rural residents in Zhejiang Province,and to provide evidence for improvement of rural environmental sanitation and prevention and control of summer diarrhea. @*Methods @#The stratified random sampling method was used. Five or six counties each were selected from the east,middle and west of Zhejiang Province;five townships（excluded Chengguan Town）were selected from each selected county;four villages were selected as field survey points from each township;five households were selected from each survey point;one family member（householder or housewife）was selected from each selected household. The information about the environmental sanitation status and prevalence of summer diarrhea were obtained by literature review,interviews,questionnaire suvey,field investigation and laboratory tests. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for occurrence of summer diarrhea among rural residents. @*Results @#There were 2 000 households surveyed. In the past two weeks,108 households had families with diarrhea and the prevalence of diarrhea was 5.40%. A total of 1 828 households disposed the household waste in the garbage bins or pools,accounting for 91.40%. There were 1 926 households with organized sewage discharge,accounting for 96.30%. There were 768 households with nymphs found in the kitchen,accounting for 38.40%;404 households with live egg sheaths found,accounting for 20.20%;592 households with cockroach traces found,accounting for 29.60%;564 households with rat traces found,accounting for 28.20%;and 1 206 households with flies found,accounted for 60.30%. There were 1 314 households with disease vectors around the house,accounting for 65.70%. There were 1 944 household with sanitary toilets,accounting for 97.20%. A total of 1 915 households had habits of drinking boiled water,accounting for 96.57%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that rat traces found in the kitchen（OR=2.026,95%CI: 1.362-3.013）were a risk factor for summer diarrhea in rural residents,while drinking boiled water（OR=0.272,95%CI: 0.091-0.811）was a protective factor. @*Conclusion @#The sanitary environment and family health habits of rural residents were related to the prevalence of diarrhea in summer. Paying attention to kitchen hygiene and drinking boiled water could prevent summer diarrhea.
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RESUMO A privatização é frequentemente mencionada como uma potencial solução para os problemas dos serviços de abastecimento de água. Todavia, são raros os estudos sobre os reais impactos da privatização, sobretudo no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho dos prestadores públicos e privados no Brasil entre 2003 e 2013. A metodologia baseou-se na análise dos indicadores do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento, por meio de análises fatoriais e testes não paramétricos. Também testou-se a aplicação de modelos de regressão linear, embora sem sucesso. A análise visual dos boxplots sugeriram diferenças no desempenho entre prestadores público e privado em anos específicos. Essa situação foi confirmada por meio dos testes não paramétricos. Todavia, os serviços privatizados já tinham o melhor desempenho desde o início do período de análise, o que corrobora o argumento de que a privatização tende a ocorrer em municípios que já apresentam condições favoráveis de abastecimento de água. Estudos futuros são, finalmente, sugeridos.
ABSTRACT Privatization is often mentioned as a potential solution to water supply problems. However, few studies have addressed the real impacts of privatization, particularly in Brazil. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of public and private water supply services in Brazil between 2003 and 2013. The methodology was based on the analysis of the indicators of the Brazilian National Information System on Sanitation, through factor analyses and nonparametric tests. The study also conducted linear regression models, without success. The visual analysis of the boxplots suggested significant differences in the overall performance of public and private groups in specific years. This situation was confirmed in nonparametric tests. However, privatized services had the best performance since the beginning of the analysis period, a fact that corroborates the argument that privatization tends to occur in municipalities with more favorable water supply services. Future studies are, finally, suggested.
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RESUMO O Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental (ISA) foi criado, em 1999, pelo Conselho Estadual de Saneamento (Conesan) do Estado de São Paulo. Embora tenha sido formado com o objetivo de medir o nível de salubridade ambiental dos municípios paulistas, o ISA tem sido utilizado em diversas Regiões do Brasil. Além disso, ao longo desses 17 anos, o ISA vem sendo alterado em sua formulação original, de acordo com as características do local a ser avaliado, como é sugerido pelo manual que o originou. Diante disso, o objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar o estado da arte da utilização do ISA no Brasil, identificando avanços, lacunas e desafios de seu uso. Para isso, realizou-se amplo levantamento bibliográfico a fim de encontrar estudos disponíveis em meios eletrônicos que utilizaram o ISA. Foram identificados e analisados 60 casos. As Regiões Nordeste e Sul do país são as que possuem a maior quantidade de estudos e a maioria deles (41,6%) é resultado de dissertações de mestrado. Cada estudo utiliza, em média, seis indicadores de primeira ordem e a revisão bibliográfica é método preponderante para escolhê-los e ponderá-los. Por fim, foi mostrado que as diferenças entre os ISA na verdade são um empecilho para a utilização desse indicador. Uma vez que cada estudo possui suas peculiaridades em termos de indicadores, pesos e critérios de cálculo, só é possível fazer comparações dos resultados obtidos entre um mesmo estudo ao longo do tempo, mas essas diferenças impossibilitam a comparação entre os valores obtidos em diferentes estudos.
ABSTRACT The Environmental Health Indicator (Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental - ISA) was established in 1999 by the São Paulo's State Council of Sanitation (Conesan). Although this indicator was created to measure the level of environmental health of the municipalities in São Paulo state, Brazil, ISA has been applied in several other regions of Brazil. Moreover, throughout these 17 years, the original ISA formulation has been altered according with local characteristics, as suggested by the manual that originated it. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ISA application state of the art in Brazil, by the identification of the progress, gaps, and challenges of its use. An extensive literature investigation was performed in order to find studies available in electronic media that used ISA. We identified and analyzed 60 cases. The Northeast and South regions are those with the greatest number of studies, and the majority of them (41.6%) are result of master's dissertations. Each study uses an average of six first order indicators, and the literature review is the predominant method for choosing and evaluating them. Finally, we showed that the differences between the ISAs are actually a drawback for this indicator use. Since each study has peculiarities in terms of indicators, weights, and criteria calculation, it is only possible to compare the results from the same study over time, but these differences preclude the comparison between the values obtained in different studies.
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Resumo Apresenta pesquisa acerca da atuação de Szachna Eliasz Cynamon no Programa Vale do Rio Doce (1952-1960). Privilegiamos como fonte de consulta os acervos dos departamentos de Arquivo e Documentação e de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, na Fiocruz, e o ainda pertencente à família. Na época, a região contava com altos índices de malária. Cynamon, nascido na Polônia e imigrado ainda criança nos anos 1930 para o Brasil, onde se graduaria em engenharia sanitária, foi contratado para atuar em Colatina (ES) e em Governador Valadares (MG), entre 1952 e 1960. Nessas localidades, dedicou-se ao tratamento e abastecimento de água e esgoto sanitário, além de realizar cursos de educação sanitária para a população local, como parte de acordo de cooperação Brasil-EUA.
Abstract Research into the work of Szachna Eliasz Cynamon in the Rio Doce Valley Program (1952-1960) is presented. The key sources are from the Department of Archives and Documentation and the Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health at Fiocruz, as well as the family's own archive. At the time, the rates of malaria in the region were high. Born in Poland, Cynamon migrated to Brazil in the 1930s while still a child, where he graduated in sanitary engineering. He was hired to work in Colatina (Espírito Santo) and Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais) between 1952 and 1960, focusing on sewage and water treatment and supply, while also holding sanitation education courses for the local people as part of a Brazil-USA cooperation agreement.
Subject(s)
Sanitary Engineering/history , Poland , Brazil , Sanitation/history , Health Education/historyABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current status of the sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments ,and Clo-norchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in the aquaculture and market in a city of Pearl River Delta region,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of clonorchiasis sinensis. Methods In 2016,based on the dis-tribution of freshwater aquaculture,36 freshwater fish ponds among 14 towns were selected for sampling and investigation,and 10-20 pieces were collected from each pond. Besides,3 aquatic product wholesale markets were included,among which 3-6 stalls were selected from each market,and 20-30 pieces were collected from each stall. The metacercaria in the fish was exam-ined by the digestion method. Results In the 36 fish ponds,there were no toilets with the stool being drained into fish ponds di-rectly,and there was only one pond with duck sheds with the stool being drained into fish ponds directly. Totally 437 pieces of freshwater fish from ponds were detected,with a metacercaria positive rate of 4.35％(19/437). The metacercaria positive fish were distributed in 50％(7/14)of towns and 25％(9/36)ponds. The positive rates of crucian carp,grass carp,dace,aristich-thysnobilis,and tilapia were 13.95％(6/43),4.76％(9/189),4.44(2/45),1.55％(2/129),and 0(0/31)respectively,with statistically significant difference(χ2=13.46,P=0.01). Totally 307 pieces of freshwater fish were collected from the wholesale markets,with a total positive rate of 1.95％(6/307). The positive rate of grass carp and aristichthysnobilis were 3.20％(4/125) and 2.78％(2/72)respectively,and no positive samples were found in crucian carp,dace and tilapia,with no statistically sig-nificant difference among the different fish in the infection rate(Fisher exact P=0.75). Conclusions The sanitation of fresh-water aquaculture environments in a city of Pearl River Delta region is relative good. However,there are different degrees of Clo-norchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in some aquaculture environments and markets.
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RESUMO: Nos últimos dez anos, o município de Campina Grande, Paraíba, foi beneficiado com inúmeros programas de urbanização em áreas de interesse social. Com a publicação da Lei nº 11.445/2007 (Lei do Saneamento), dada a centralidade que o saneamento ambiental tem na vida das pessoas, é fundamental que processos de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação sejam procedidos. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a infraestrutura de saneamento em área de interesse social sob diversos cenários de urbanização. O caso de estudo foi a comunidade Novo Horizonte, localizada na zona sul do município, por se tratar de uma área urbanizada com recursos do Orçamento Geral da União. Propõe-se uma metodologia para a aferição da salubridade ambiental, na qual é definido um Índice de Salubridade Ambiental para a comunidade Novo Horizonte, composto por sete indicadores relacionados com o saneamento ambiental, a saúde pública e aspectos socioeconômicos. Os resultados mostraram que a urbanização não ocorreu na amplitude desejada e que dentre os indicadores analisados houve destaque para o abastecimento de água e os resíduos sólidos, enquanto os relacionados aos aspectos socioeconômicos foram os que apresentaram os piores resultados dentre os cenários pesquisados. A pesquisa constatou quão nefasta é a execução de uma obra de urbanização segmentada no tempo, e realizada por empresas distintas, sobretudo quando os serviços de esgotamento sanitário são realizados em um primeiro instante. Conclui-se que a efetivação de avaliação pós-ocupacional é necessária para realimentar os projetos de urbanização em execução, ou a executar, quer seja com recursos públicos ou privados.
ABSTRACT: For the last ten years, the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, has been benefited from a large number of urbanization programs of social concern. With the Federal Act 11,445/2007 (Sanitation Act), considering that environmental sanitation plays a central hole for the population, it is essential the development of Post-Occupancy Evaluation processes. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental performance of social interest under distinguished scenarios of urbanization. The Novo Horizonte community was chosen as case study, located in the southern part of the municipality, because the Federal government sponsored its urbanization process. A methodology for the assessment of environmental health is proposed, which is defined in one Index of Environmental Health for the community Novo Horizonte, composed of seven indicators related to environmental sanitation, public health and socioeconomic aspects. The results showed that urbanization did not occur at the desired amplitude. Among the analyzed indicators, the ones for the water supply and solid waste were more evident, while those related to socioeconomic factors were those that presented the worst results. This research showed how harmful is the execution of a work of segmented urbanization in time, and carried out by separate undertakings, especially when sewage services are done in the first instance. It is concluded that the effectiveness of occupational Post-Occupancy Evaluation is needed to feedback the urbanization projects with funds from the public sector.
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RESUMOA metodologia Seis Sigma é uma estratégia de negócio baseada na tomada de decisão objetiva, considerando dados significativos e reais para a criação de metas viáveis, analisando a causa dos defeitos e sugerindo formas de eliminar a lacuna existente entre o desempenho de um processo e o desejado. Pela verificação da importância da integração entre o saneamento ambiental e a gestão de operações, buscou-se, por meio de uma simulação, realizar uma análise dos processos envolvidos no tratamento convencional de água sob a óptica da metodologia Seis Sigma. Considerando uma produção de 2,58 milhões de m3.mês-1e um Nível Sigma 3,0, o volume não conforme seria de 173,1 mil de m3.mês-1. Se o Nível Seis Sigma de excelência fosse atingido, o volume não conforme seria de apenas 7,75 m3.mês-1.
ABSTRACTThe Six Sigma methodology is a business strategy based on making an objective decision, considering real and meaningful data for the creation of viable targets, analyzing the defects' cause and suggesting ways to eliminate the gap between the performance process and the desired goal. Through the verification of the importance of integration between the environmental sanitation and the management operations, it was attempted to, through a simulation, perform an analysis of the processes involved in conventional water treatment from the perspective of Six Sigma methodology. Considering a production of 2.58 million m³.month-1 and a 3.0 Sigma level, the nonconforming volume would be 173.1 m³.month-1. If the Six Sigma excellence level could be reached, the nonconforming volume would be 7.75 m³.month-1.
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RESUMOA partir de 2007, os municípios brasileiros deparam-se com o novo desafio colocado pela Lei no11.445, que trouxe uma nova organização para a gestão do setor de Saneamento Básico, assumindo-a não só como a prestação dos serviços mas também integrando-a ao planejamento, à regulação, à fiscalização e ao controle social. Neste trabalho, visando compreender dificuldades e potencialidades para o planejamento, foram avaliados 18 planos municipais de saneamento básico em uma amostragem que inclui as 5 macrorregiões do país e 14 estados. A avaliação foi norteada pelos princípios da universalidade, equidade, integralidade, intersetorialidade e qualidade; pela instituição da política; pela capacidade de gestão; e pela sustentabilidade. Na maioria dos casos, constatou-se fragilidade na instituição da política e que a incorporação dos princípios nos planos ocorreu de forma incipiente, embora alguns deles tenham se destacado pela maior aderência aos princípios avaliados (Alagoinhas, BA; Morada Nova, CE; Ariquemes, RO, e Ouro Branco, MG).
ABSTRACTSince 2007, Brazilian municipalities have faced the new challenge posed by Law 11,445, which brought a new organization to the sector management, assuming it as not only services provision but also planning, regulation, supervision and social control. In this paper, 18 environmental sanitation municipal plans were assessed, aiming at understanding difficulties and potentialities for the planning process. Five geographical regions of the country and 14 states were included in the sample. The assessment was guided by the principles of universality, equity, integrality, cross-sectoral relations, quality, policy implementation, management capacity and sustainability. In most cases, weaknesses in policy implementation were identified, as well as the incorporation of the principles in the plans took place only incidentally, although some of them have stood out due to greater adherence to the principles considered (Alagoinhas, BA; Morada Nova, CE; Ariquemes, RO, e Ouro Branco, MG).
ABSTRACT
Em 1999, em busca de recursos para debelar ou minimizar a crise fiscal, o governo federal comprometeu-se junto ao FMI com a privatização do setor de saneamento básico e outros serviços públicos. Propôs o Projeto de Lei 4147/01 como o marco regulatório que daria a segurança necessária aos investidores interessados na concessão das empresas públicas estaduais de saneamento. Contra essa iniciativa, uma coalizão de interesse setorial se mobilizou para vetar a proposta de privatização: a Frente Nacional pelo Saneamento Ambiental (FNSA). Este trabalho identifica os atores, as agendas e os interesses presentes nesta coalizão setorial. Demonstra que ela atuou decisivamente como instância de veto, limitando os efeitos do acordo firmado com o FMI sobre a política de saneamento do Brasil neste período.
In 1999, the federal government has committed itself to the IMF with the privatization of the sanitation and other public services, seeking resources to address the fiscal crisis. He proposed the bill 4147/01 as the regulatory framework that would provide the necessary security for investors interested in acquiring the state-owned sanitation enterprises. Against this initiative, a coalition of industry interests mobilized in order to veto the adoption of privatization: the National Front for Environmental Sanitation (FNSA). This paper identifies the actors, the agenda and the interests involved in this political coalition. It shows that the coalition acted decisively as an instance of veto, limiting the effects of the agreement with the IMF on the public policy of sanitation in Brazil this time.
Subject(s)
Public Policy , Sanitation , Brazil , Privatization/legislation & jurisprudence , Sanitation/legislation & jurisprudence , Sanitation/standardsABSTRACT
A área do entorno do aterro sanitário do município de Feira de Santana, na Bahia, em 2007, foi avaliada por meio do diagnóstico das condições sanitárias, ambientais, sociais e a suscetibilidade dos moradores com a presença de patógenos intestinais isolados de dípteros. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de abordagem quali-quantitativa, do tipo ecológico, transversal, de comparação espacial e tendência temporal. Foram isolados, dos 10.987 dípteros coletados, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, protozoários e helmintos. As condições sanitárias e ambientais verificadas na área são determinantes para os dípteros agirem como vetores urbanos de micro-organismos patogênicos, por meio de contaminação cruzada, como também a falta de alguns serviços básicos de saneamento e as atitudes errôneas da população mantêm microambientes que favorecem o ciclo biológico destes insetos, independentemente do aterro.
The area around the landfill of Feira de Santana municipality, in Bahia, in 2007, was assessed by the diagnosis of health sanitary, environmental, and social conditions, and the residents' susceptibility with the presence of intestinal pathogens isolated from flies. This is an epidemiological study of qualitative and quantitative approach of ecological and cross-sectional type, of space comparison, and time tendency. From the 10,987 flies collected, Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, protozoa and helminths were isolated. The sanitary and environmental conditions found in the area are determinative for flies to act as urban vectors of pathogens through cross-contamination, but also the lack of some basic sanitation services and wrong attitudes of the population keep microenvironments that favor the biological cycle of these insects, regardless the landfill.
ABSTRACT
Há uma importante lacuna na literatura, sobre os conceitos centrais e as abordagens teóricas relativas à interface entre políticas públicas e a problemática do saneamento. Visando contribuir com o avanço do tema da formulação de políticas públicas para a área, com maiores efetividade e eficiência, o artigo desenvolve revisão da literatura relacionada. Entende-se que os elementos essenciais nesse enfoque são a necessidade de (i) integrar os aspectos técnicos com o processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas; (ii) incorporar na análise o papel dos condicionantes sistêmicos sobre tal processo. Atribui-se ênfase ainda à interdependência entre essas formulações e o contexto sócio-político-econômico em questão e ao conceito de que as políticas públicas devam ser formuladas e avaliadas considerando o saneamento como direito. São desenvolvidas duas frentes, em que se observa o potencial de contribuição dos conceitos das políticas públicas - a formulação de políticas e a avaliação de políticas. A conclusão assinala que o estudo das políticas públicas de saneamento nos países em desenvolvimento deve priorizar um determinado número de questões e desafios, que são brevemente discutidos.
This article argues that there is an important gap in the literature regarding the central concepts and theoretical approaches dealing with the interface between public policy and environmental sanitation. Through a literature review, it explores how these approaches could be improved in order to make a contribution to the formulation of public policies that may increase effectiveness and efficiency in the field. The key points put forward are the need to: (i) integrate technical aspects with the process of formulation and implementation of public policies and (ii) include in the analysis the role of the systemic conditions and constraints in the process. The paper also places emphasis on the interdependency between policy formulation and the relevant socio-political-economic context, and provides insights for the development of rights-based approaches to the formulation and assessment of public policies in the environmental sanitation sector. The article also examines two fields in which the public policy debate can make important contributions: policy formulation and policy assessment. The conclusion suggests that the study of public policy in the environmental sanitation sector of developing countries should prioritize a number of questions and challenges that are briefly discussed.
Subject(s)
Government Programs , Public Policy , SanitationABSTRACT
Background: Environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions are always concern of the health because they have strong influence on health in the community. To achieve better results of the environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions, communication and health education are still the most effective solutions. However, study of how do the health education and communication affect change in knowledge, attitude and practice on environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions is necessary to have the basis for planning a better health education and communication program. Objectives: To describe knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and changing of KAP on environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions of people in Pham Kha commune after one year. Subjects and method: A cross \ufffd?sectional study had been carried out on people in Pham Kha commune by questionnaire at two points of time in November 2001 and November 2002. Results:The KAP of people on environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions were lower than expected levels and there was no significant differences between two point times of surveys. Conclusion: The KAP on environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions of people in Pham Kha commune after one year were not much changed, therefore need to priority health education activities on this subject for improving situation of environmental sanitation/three hygiene constructions to enhance community health.
Subject(s)
Attitude , Hygiene , Environment , SanitationABSTRACT
Después del terremoto del Eje Cafetero colombiano, el Ministerio de Salud Pública diseñó una estrategia de saneamiento ambiental que definió los lineamientos de trabajo a nivel departamental y municipal basados en la vigilancia y control de factores medioambientales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el manejo del riesgo de enfermedades asociadas al saneamiento ambiental en el municipio de Calarcá, Departamento del Quindío, para lo cual se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo. El universo estuvo constituido por la totalidad de asentamientos temporales establecidos en ese sitio. Se utilizaron los registros de la Oficina de Epidemiología de la Secretaría de Salud y de las principales unidades notificadoras durante los meses de marzo a diciembre de 1999. Se analizaron, además, los resultados de la vigilancia centinela para el monitoreo de agentes etiológicos de enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), infección respiratoria aguda (IRA), hepatitis y contaminantes del agua. Se estableció la vigilancia de V. cholerae, Salmonella sp. y Shigella. Los datos se introdujeron y procesaron en el programa EPI-Info versión 6.2, y para el análisis se utilizaron medidas de frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las variables estudiadas. Los resultados demuestran que el aumento de la mortalidad fue causa directa del sismo. Las infecciones respiratorias y diarreicas agudas y las enfermedades de la piel constituyeron las principales causas de morbilidad. Se identificó una disminución de las tasas de enfermedades diarreicas agudas asociadas a la mejoría de las condiciones de saneamiento ambiental. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas solo mostraron un ligero descenso al persistir el hacinamiento y las malas condiciones estructurales de las viviendas.
After the earthquake that took place in the Colombian coffee belt, the Ministry of Public Health drew an environmental sanitation strategy that defined the working guidelines at department and municipal levels, on the basis of surveillance and control of environmental factors. The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the management and environemntal sanitation-associated disease risks in Calarcá municipality, Quindio District, through an epidemiological and descriptive study. The universe of this study was the total number of temporary settlements in this municipality. The records of the Epidemilogical Office of the Health Department and those of the main disease notification units were used from March to December 1999. Additionally, the results of the monitoring of etiological agents causing acute diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infection, hepatitis and water pollution were analyzed. V.cholerae, Salmonella sp and Shigella were closely surveilled. Epi-Info version 6.2 program made it posible to input and process relevant data whereas absolute and relative frequency measures of the studied variables facilitated the analysis. The outcomes showed that increase in mortality was the direct consequence of earthquake. Respiratory infections, acute diarrheas and skin diseases were the main causes of morbidity. A reduction in acute diarrheal disease rates related to improved environmental conditions was observed. Acute respiratory infections showed just a slight decline since crowding and deficient structural conditions of housing persisted.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To investigate the hospitals containing above 500 sickbeds in the Beijing area,in order to find out the relationship between the environmental sanitation monitoring(including air,object surface,medical personnel hand,using desinfectant compound,and ultraviolet lamps) and the hospital infection control.METHODS Choosing hospitals with above 500 sickbeds in Beijing,through a written survey and questionnaire covering the actual environmental sanitation monitoring quantity,the positive rate and the situations of hospital infections outbreak in 2005,then calculate the statistical analysis.RESULTS After calculating the environmental sanitation monitoring cost for the hospitals with above 500 sickbeds,it could conclude the monitoring expense for 1000 sickbeds hospital per year for each bed was 192.10 RMB;the monitoring expense for 500 sickbeds hospital per year for each bed was 145.60 RMB.It could also conclude the positive rate of object surface and the hands of medical personnel was higher.CONCLUSIONS Through the analysis,each hospital carries out the monitor according to the requirement of the "Standards",the monitoring expense for hospitals with 1000 sickbeds is higher that of hospitals with 500 sickbeds.It is no correlation between the hospital monitoring positive rate and the hospital infection outbreak.The medical personnel′s knowledge of hospital infection control and hand hygiene training must be strengthened.